Journals / Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

The effect artificial intelligence usage on e-health literacy among postgraduate students in health sciences: the GAMLSS approach

Sağlık bilimleri lisansüstü öğrencilerinde yapay zekâ kullanımının e-sağlık okuryazarlığına etkisi: GAMLSS yaklaşımı

Merve Türkegün Şengül(Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University Faculty of Medicine)0000-0002-4405-521X
Mustafa Karabulut(NECMETTIN ERBAKAN UNIVERSITY)0009-0003-9029-6836
Pages
22–35
Publication Date
2026-03-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The advanced statistical approach effectively captured complex patterns overlooked by traditional methods, highlighting the need for better integration of AI into health education curricula.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Aim: Postgraduate education in health sciences is of great importance in terms of increasing the quality of health services and training professionals who are experts in their fields.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 82 postgraduate students enrolled in all health science-related departments of the graduate school were included.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The advanced statistical approach effectively captured complex patterns overlooked by traditional methods, highlighting the need for better integration of AI into health education curricula.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:e-sağlık okuryazarlığı · yapay zekâ · ChatGPT

Abstract

Aim: Postgraduate education in health sciences is of great importance in terms of increasing the quality of health services and training professionals who are experts in their fields. As artificial intelligence technologies gain increasing importance in healthcare, their interaction with e-health literacy becomes highly critical. This study aims to determine the e-health literacy levels of postgraduate students in the field of health sciences and to investigate the complex effects of their use of artificial intelligence applications, such as ChatGPT, on their e-health literacy levels using advanced statistical methods. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 82 postgraduate students enrolled in all health science-related departments of the graduate school were included. Students' e-health literacy levels were measured using the e-Health Literacy Scale. Comparisons of e-health literacy scores based on artificial intelligence usage habits were examined using univariate statistical analyses, and generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape were applied to analyze more complex effects. Results: All students demonstrated high levels of e-health literacy (30.00; IQR = 5.25). Students who were familiar with artificial intelligence applications used in the healthcare field had significantly higher scores (33.50; IQR = 6.75) compared to those who were not (29.00; IQR = 3.00), and similarly, those who reported using such applications scored higher (32.00;I QR = 7.50) than those who did not (29.00; IQR=5.00) (p 0.05). However, the interactions among these variables became statistically significant in the advanced statistical model (p<0.05). Specifically, lower scores were observed among males who used ChatGPT and among those who used ChatGPT but infrequently searched for online health information. Conclusion: Despite students’ positive attitudes toward AI-supported healthcare applications, their knowledge was limited. The advanced statistical approach effectively captured complex patterns overlooked by traditional methods, highlighting the need for better integration of AI into health education curricula.

Özet

Amaç: Sağlık bilimlerinde lisansüstü eğitim, sağlık hizmetlerinin niteliğini artırmak ve alanında uzman profesyoneller yetiştirmek açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin sağlık alanında giderek daha fazla önem kazanmasıyla birlikte, bu teknolojilerin e-sağlık okuryazarlığı ile etkileşimi de oldukça kritiktir. Bu çalışma, sağlık bilimleri alanındaki lisansüstü düzeydeki öğrencilerinin e-sağlık okuryazarlık düzeylerini belirlemeyi ayrıca ChatGPT gibi yapay zeka uygulamalarını kullanım alışkanlıklarının e-sağlık okuryazarlık düzeyleri üzerindeki karmaşık etkilerini ileri istatistik yöntemle araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Bu kesitsel çalışmada, lisansüstü eğitim enstitüsünün sağlık bilimleri ile ilgili tüm anabilim dallarına kayıtlı 82 lisansüstü öğrenci dâhil edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin e-sağlık okuryazarlık düzeyleri, e-sağlık okuryazarlık ölçeği ile ölçülmüştür. E-sağlık okuryazarlık düzeylerinin yapay zeka kullanım alışkanlarına göre karşılaştırmaları tek değişkenli istatistiksel analizlerle incelenmiş, karmaşık etkilerin analizi için konum, ölçek ve şekil için ise genelleştirilmiş eklemeli modelleri uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin tamamının e-sağlık okuryazarlık düzeyleri yüksekti (30.00; ÇAG = 5.25). Sağlık alanında kullanılan yapay zeka uygulamalarını bilenlerin (33.50; ÇAG = 6.75) bilmeyenlere (29.00; ÇAG = 3.00) göre ve bunları kullananların (32.00; ÇAG = 7.50) da kullanmayanlara (29.00; ÇAG = 5.00) göre puanları daha yüksekti (p 0.05). Ancak bu değişkenlerin etkileşimleri, ileri istatistiksel modelde anlamlı hale gelmiştir (p<0.05). ChatGPT kullanan erkeklerin ve ChatGPT kullanıp da çevrimiçi sağlık bilgisi arama sıklığı seyrek olanların puanları düşüktü. Sonuç: Öğrencilerin yapay zeka destekli sağlık uygulamalarına yönelik olumlu tutumlarına rağmen, bilgileri sınırlıydı. İleri istatistiksel yöntem, geleneksel yöntemlerin gözden kaçırdığı karmaşık örüntüleri etkili bir şekilde yakaladı ve yapay zekanın sağlık eğitimi müfredatına daha iyi entegre edilmesi ihtiyacını vurgulamıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Şengül, M. T., Karabulut, M. (2026). The effect artificial intelligence usage on e-health literacy among postgraduate students in health sciences: the GAMLSS approach. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.26559/mersinsbd.1738912

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (30)

  1. World Health Organization. Strengthening digital health literacy to empower people in the digital age: World Health Organization; 2024 [Available from: https://www.who.int/europe/newsroom/events/item/2024/11/21/default-calendar/strengthening-digital-health-literacy-to-empower-people-in-the-digital-age.
  2. Topol EJ. High-performance medicine: The convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat Med. 2019;25(1):44-56.
  3. Boulos MN, Brewer AC, Karimkhani C, Buller DB, Dellavalle RP. Mobile medical and health apps: State of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification. Online J Public Health Inform. 2014;5(3):229.
  4. Tian S, Jin Q, Yeganova L, Lai P-T, Zhu Q, Chen X, et al. Opportunities and challenges for chatgpt and large language models in biomedicine and health. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2024;25(1).
  5. Tudor Car L, Poon S, Kyaw BM, Cook DA, Ward V, Atun R, et al. Digital education for health professionals: An evidence map, conceptual framework, and research agenda. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(3):e31977.
  6. Sogut S, Cangol E, Dolu I. The relationship between ehealth literacy and self-efficacy levels in midwifery students receiving distance education during the covid-19 pandemic. J Nurs Res. 2022;30(2):e203.
  7. Rigby RA, Stasinopoulos DM. Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics. 2005;54(3):507-54.
  8. Norman CD, Skinner HA. Ehealth literacy: Essential skills for consumer health in a networked world. J Med Internet Res. 2006;8(2):e9.
  9. Coskun S, Bebis H. Psychometric evaluation of a turkish version of the e-health literacy scale (e-heals) in adolescent. Gulhane Medical Journal. 2015;57(4).
  10. Stasinopoulos DM, Rigby RA. Generalized additive models for location scale and shape (gamlss) in r. Journal of Statistical Software. 2007;23(7):1 - 46.
  11. World Health Organization. Global strategy on digital health 2020–2025: Midterm progress report: World Health Organization; 2021 [Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/gs4dhdaa2a9f352b0445bafbc79ca799dce4d.pdf.
  12. Mather CA, Cheng C, Douglas T, Elsworth G, Osborne R. Ehealth literacy of australian undergraduate health profession students: A descriptive study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(17).
  13. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. Sağlık bakanlığı stratejik plan 2024–2028. Available from: https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/47452/0/saglik-bakanligi-stratejik-plan-2024-2028pdf.pdf.
  14. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeyi ve ilişkili faktörleri araştırması. Available from: https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/50280/0/turkiye-saglik-okuryazarligi-ve-iliskili-faktorleri-arastirmasipdf.pdf.
  15. Ekinci Y, Tutgun-ünal A, Tarhan N. Dijital sağlık okuryazarlığı üzerine bir alanyazın İncelemesi. Bayterek Uluslararası Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2021;4(2):148-65.
  16. Holt KA, Overgaard D, Engel LV, Kayser L. Health literacy, digital literacy and ehealth literacy in danish nursing students at entry and graduate level: A cross sectional study. BMC Nursing. 2020;19(1):22.
  17. Dashti S, Abadibavil D, Roozbeh N. Evaluating e-health literacy, knowledge, attitude and practice regarding covid-19 prevention and self-protection among iranian students: A cross-sectional online survey. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):148.
  18. Yılmaz A, Saygılı M, Kaya M. Sağlık bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin e-sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Social Sciences Institute. 2020(31):148-57.
  19. Kıbrıs Ş, Kızılkaya S. E-sağlık okuryazarlık düzeyinin sağlık algısı üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;5(2):241-50.
  20. Al-Qerem W, Eberhardt J, Jarab A, Al Bawab AQ, Hammad A, Alasmari F, et al. Exploring knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards artificial intelligence among health professions’ students in jordan. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2023;23(1):288.
  21. Teng M, Singla R, Yau O, Lamoureux D, Gupta A, Hu Z, et al. Health care students' perspectives on artificial intelligence: Countrywide survey in canada. JMIR Med Educ. 2022;8(1):e33390.
  22. Arkan B, Dalli OE, Varol B. The impact of chatgpt training in the nursing process on nursing students' problem-solving skills, attitudes towards artificial intelligence, competency, and satisfaction levels: Single-blind randomized controlled study. Nurse Educ Today. 2025;152:106765.
  23. Busch F, Hoffmann L, Truhn D, Ortiz-Prado E, Makowski MR, Bressem KK, et al. Global cross-sectional student survey on ai in medical, dental, and veterinary education and practice at 192 faculties. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24(1):1066; Ahmad MN, Abdallah SA, Abbasi SA, Abdallah AM. Student perspectives on the integration of artificial intelligence into healthcare services. Digit Health. 2023;9:20552076231174095.
  24. Altman DG, Bland JM. Statistics notes: The normal distribution. BMJ. 1995;310(6975):298.
  25. Nelder JA, Wedderburn RWM. Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (General). 1972;135(3):370-84.
  26. Rigby RA, Stasinopoulos MD, Heller GZ, De Bastiani F, Taylor, Francis. Distributions for modeling location, scale, and shape: Using gamlss in r. Baton Rouge, Florida; London; New York: CRC Press LLC; 2020. xxviii, 560 pages: illustrations p.
  27. Gül İ, Demir S, Coşkun İ. A research on e-health literacy and online health information search behavior. Journal of Turkish Studies. 2022;17(Volume 17 Issue 7):83-101.
  28. Yip KM, So HK, Tung KTS, Wong RS, Tso WWY, Wong ICK, et al. Normative values of motor performance and their relationship with bmi status in hong kong preschoolers. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):6567; Bann D, Wright L, Cole TJ. Risk factors relate to the variability of health outcomes as well as the mean: A gamlss tutorial. Elife. 2022;11.
  29. Hua Z, Yuqing S, Qianwen L, Hong C. Factors influencing ehealth literacy worldwide: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e50313.
  30. Rigby RA, Stasinopoulos MD, Heller GZ, De Bastiani F, Taylor, Francis. Distributions for modeling location, scale, and shape: Using gamlss in r. Baton Rouge, Florida; London; New York: CRC Press LLC; 2020. xxviii, 560 pages: illustrations p.