SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1

Evaluation of Eucalyptus Root Wood in Activated Carbon Production with Two-Stage Production Method

Okaliptus Kök Odunun iki Aşamalı Üretim Yöntemi ile Aktif Karbon Üretiminde Değerlendirilmesi

Ertuğrul Altuntaş(KAHRAMANMARAS SUTCU IMAM UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF FOREST, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING)0000-0002-1853-3206
Ayşegül Apaydın(KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ)0000-0001-6294-9498
Pages
68–78
Publication Date
2026-04-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

According to the results obtained, the surface area of the activated carbons produced at 700 ℃ using the two-step process was obtained as 267.08 m2/g.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, lignocellulosic wastes were utilized in activated carbon production.
📊
Key Findings & Data:For this purpose, the root wood of the eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus grandis) was sized after grinding and 40 mesh wood flour was used.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:According to the results obtained, the surface area of the activated carbons produced at 700 ℃ using the two-step process was obtained as 267.08 m2/g.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Hydrothermal Carbonization · Pyrolysis · Eucalyptus Root Wood

Abstract

In this study, lignocellulosic wastes were utilized in activated carbon production. The root wastes remaining on the soil surface after cutting of eucalyptus trees (Eucalyptus grandis) grown in Mersin Karabucak region were evaluated as lignocellulosic raw materials. For this purpose, the root wood of the eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus grandis) was sized after grinding and 40 mesh wood flour was used. Activated carbon production was carried out in two stages. For this, the root wood flour was firstly carbonized in a closed autoclave at 200℃ and 225℃ for 24 hours in the hydrothermal stage by utilizing the subcritical point of water. Afterward, activated carbons were produced in the pyrolysis stage at 400℃, 500℃, 600℃ and 700℃ for 30 minutes in nitrogen environment. The yield calculations, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer -Emmett - Teller (BET), and Brunauer -Emmett - Teller (BET) analyses of the activated carbon samples were performed. According to the results obtained, the surface area of the activated carbons produced at 700 ℃ using the two-step process was obtained as 267.08 m2/g. According to the SEM images obtained, it was understood that the activated carbons had a partially porous structure. Pyrolysis process at low temperatures ensured higher O/C and H/C ratios and more functional groups in the structure of activated carbon. However, as the temperature increased, the hydrogen and oxygen ratios in the structure of activated carbon decreased. As a result, it is understood that activated carbons with high surface area and oxidized functional groups can be produced by using two-stage hydrothermal and pyrolysis methods of eucalyptus root woods.

Özet

Bu çalışmada, lignoselülozik atıklar aktif karbon üretiminde kullanılmıştır. Lignoselülozik Atık olarak Mersin Karaburacak bölgesinde yetiştirilen okaliptüs ağaçlarının (Eucalyptus grandis) kesim sonrasında toprak yüzeyde kalan kök atıkları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla okaliptüs ağacının kök odunu öğütüldükten sonra boyutlandırılmış ve 40 mesh odun unu kullanılmıştır. Aktif karbon üretimi iki aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunun için kök odun unu ilk olarak kapalı bir otoklavda 200°C ve 225°C'de 24 saat boyunca suyun kritik noktasından yararlanılarak hidrotermal aşamada karbonize edilmiştir. Daha sonra piroliz aşamasında 400°C, 500°C, 600°C ve 700°C'de 30 dakika süreyle azot ortamında aktif karbonlar üretilmiştir. Aktif karbon numunelerinin verim hesaplamaları, taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), Brunauer -Emmett - Teller (BET) ve Brunauer -Emmett - Teller (BET) analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, iki aşamalı proses kullanılarak 700 ℃'de üretilen aktif karbonların yüzey alanı 267,08 m2/g olarak elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen SEM görüntülerine göre aktif karbonların kısmen gözenekli bir yapıya sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Düşük sıcaklıklardaki proliz işlemi aktif karbonun yapısında O/C ve H/C oranlarının daha yüksek olmasını ve fonksiyonel grupların daha fazla olmasını sağlamıştır. Ancak sıcaklık yükseldikçe aktif karbonun yapısndaki hidrojen ve oksijen oranları azalmıştır. Sonuç olarak okaliptüs kök odunlarının iki aşamalı hidrotermal ve piroliz yöntemleri kullanılarak yüksek yüzey alanına ve oksitlenmiş fonksiyonel gruplara sahip aktif karbonların üretilebileceği anlaşılmıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Altuntaş, E., Apaydın, A. (2026). Evaluation of Eucalyptus Root Wood in Activated Carbon Production with Two-Stage Production Method. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1441117

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (27)

  1. Adinata, D., Daud, W. M. A. W., Aroua, M. K. (2007). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from palm shell by chemical activation with K2CO3. Bioresource technology, 98(1), 145-149. doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.006
  2. Ayata Ü. (2008) Wood properties of eucalyptus (eucalyptus camaldulensis and eucalyptus grandis) and investigation of its use in paper industry. Master Thesis. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University. Institute of Science and Technology. Kahramanmaras; 90s.
  3. Bansal RC, Goyal M. (2005) Activated carbon adsorption, Taylor & Francis Group, 2005; 497 p.
  4. Basu, P. (2010). Biomass gasification and pyrolysis: practical design and theory. Academic press.
  5. Chattopadhyaya, G., Macdonald, D. G., Bakhshi, N. N., Mohammadzadeh, J. S. S., Dalai, A. K. (2006). Preparation and characterization of chars and activated carbons from Saskatchewan lignite. Fuel processing technology, 87(11), 997-1006. doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.07.004
  6. Cheremisinoff PN, Ellerbusch F. (1978) Carbon Adsorption Handbook, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., New York.
  7. Chung, D. D. (2019). Carbon materials: science and applications (Vol. 3). World Scientific.
  8. De la Torre-Miranda, N., Reilly, L., Eloy, P., Poleunis, C., Hermans, S. (2023). Thiol functionalized activated carbon for gold thiosulfate recovery, an analysis of the interactions between gold and sulfur functions. Carbon, 204, 254-267. doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.061
  9. Deng, H., Li, G., Yang, H., Tang, J., Tang, J. (2010). Preparation of activated carbons from cotton stalk by microwave assisted KOH and K2CO3 activation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 163(3), 373-381. doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.019.
  10. Fang, Z., Sato, T., Smith Jr, R. L., Inomata, H., Arai, K., Kozinski, J. A. (2008). Reaction chemistry and phase behavior of lignin in high-temperature and supercritical water. Bioresource Technology, 99(9), 3424-3430. doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.008
  11. Jain, A., Balasubramanian, R., Srinivasan, M. P. (2016). Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 283, 789-805. doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.014 Karapınar H S. (2018) Production of activated carbon from loquat (eryobotrya japonica) seed and investigation of its properties, Doctoral Thesis, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Institute of Science and Technology, Karaman;192s. Köseoğlu E. (2005). Obtaining Activated Carbon from Agricultural By-Products by Chemical Activation: Characterization and Investigation of Cation Adsorption from Aqueous Solution. Master's Thesis, İnönü University, Institute of Science and Technology, Malatya.
  12. Li, L., Yao, X., Li, H., Liu, Z., Ma, W., Liang, X. (2014). Thermal stability of oxygen-containing functional groups on activated carbon surfaces in a thermal oxidative environment. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 47(1), 21-27. doi.org/10.1252/jcej.13we193
  13. Örkün Y. (2011). Activated carbon production and characterization by physical and chemical activation from hazelnut shell. Master Thesis. Istanbul Technical University. Energy Institute. Istanbul; 106s.
  14. Pradhan, B. K.,Sandle, N. K. (1999). Effect of different oxidizing agent treatments on the surface properties of activated carbons. Carbon, 37(8), 1323-1332. doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00328-5
  15. Rouquerol, J., Rouquerol, F., Llewellyn, P., Maurin, G., Sing, K. (2013). Adsorption by powders and porous solids: principles, methodology and applications. Academic press.
  16. Rajasekaran, S. J.,Raghavan, V. (2020). Facile synthesis of activated carbon derived from Eucalyptus globulus seed as efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. Diamond and Related Materials, 109, 108038.
  17. Samdan C. A. (2013). Production of Activated Carbon from Pumpkin Seed Shell by Chemical Activation and its Evaluation in Paint and Heavy Metal Removal. Master Thesis. Eskisehir Osmangazi University Institute of Science and Technology. Eskisehir;165s.
  18. Sj, G., Sing, K. S. W. (1982). Adsorption, surface area and porosity. Academic Press, New York.
  19. Thommes, M., Kaneko, K., Neimark, A. V., Olivier, J. P., Rodriguez-Reinoso, F., Rouquerol, J., Sing, K. S. (2015). Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and applied chemistry, 87(9-10), 1051-1069. doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-1117
  20. Titirici, M. M., Antonietti, M., Baccile, N. (2008). Hydrothermal carbon from biomass: a comparison of the local structure from poly-to monosaccharides and pentoses/hexoses. Green Chemistry, 10(11), 1204-1212. 10.1039/b807009a
  21. Tsai, W. T., Jiang, T. J. (2023). Optimization of physical activation process for activated carbon preparation from water caltrop husk. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(8), 6875-6884. doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01729-x
  22. Tutuş A, Kurt R, Ertaş M, Ayata Ü. (2008). Alma MH, Chemical Composition and Thermal Properties of Eucalyptus grandis Wood. I. National Eucalyptus Symposium Proceedings Book, pp.307-313. Tarsus/Mersin.
  23. Ucer Ozasık A. (2002). Adsorption of heavy metals and heavy metal complexes on activated charcoal and the effect of tannic acid on adsorption, Master's Thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Institute of Science and Technology. Samsun.
  24. Xiao, M. Z., Chen, W. J., Hong, S., Pang, B., Cao, X. F., Wang, Y. Y., Sun, R. C. (2019). Structural characterization of lignin in heartwood, sapwood, and bark of eucalyptus. International journal of biological macromolecules, 138, 519-527.
  25. Yalçın, M. Arol, A. I. (1993). Activated Carbon Production from Domestic Sources for Gold Metallurgy. XIIIth Mining Congress of Turkey,: 413-426.
  26. Yang, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, J., Zhao, X., Zhao, Y., Qian, J., Wang, T. (2023). Pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization of biowaste: A comparative review on the conversion pathways and potential applications of char product. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 33, 101106. doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101106
  27. Yang, T. Y., (2003). Adsorbents: Fundamentals and Applications, a John Wiley & Sons Inc Publications, New Jersey.