Journals / Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

An Examination of the Relationship Between Undergraduate Students' Personality Traits, Family Communication Patterns, Communication Skills, and Speaking Anxiety

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Kişilik Özellikleri, Aile İletişim Kalıpları ve İletişim Becerileri ile Konuşma Kaygıları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Selvanur Kayhan(TRABZON ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-6710-9815
Fatma Altun Kobul(SAMSUN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-8523-7768
Bircan Eyüp(Trabzon Üniversitesi)0000-0001-8061-1159
Pages
298–324
Publication Date
2025-04-28
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results indicate that the predictor variables accounted for at least 45% of the variance in speech anxiety.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study investigates the relationship between undergraduate students' speaking anxiety and their personality traits, family communication patterns, and communication skills.
📊
Key Findings & Data:A total of 775 undergraduate students studying in 6 different faculties at a state university on the northeastern Türkiye participated in the research.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The results indicate that the predictor variables accounted for at least 45% of the variance in speech anxiety.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Konuşma kaygısı · konuşma becerisi · kişilik özellikleri

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between undergraduate students' speaking anxiety and their personality traits, family communication patterns, and communication skills. A total of 775 undergraduate students studying in 6 different faculties at a state university on the northeastern Türkiye participated in the research. The data was gathered using Demographic Information Form, Speech Anxiety Scale, Family Communication Patterns Scale, Communication Skills Scale and Personality Traits Scale. A multiple linear regression analysis was computed. The results indicate that the predictor variables accounted for at least 45% of the variance in speech anxiety. Extroversion (β = -.46), conscientiousness (β = -.11), openness to experience (β = -.11) personality traits and communication skills (β = -.15) variables predicted speech anxiety negatively, while neurotic personality traits (β = .11) and conformity-oriented family communication patterns (β = .11) were found to be positive significant predictors for the dependent variable of speech anxiety. The results of the study highlight the need for future research to examine the cognitive, affective and behavioral components of speaking anxiety separately.

Özet

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin konuşma kaygıları ile kişilik özellikleri, aile iletişim kalıpları ve iletişim becerileri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Türkiye’nin kuzeydoğusunda bulunan bir devlet üniversitesinde 6 farklı fakültede öğrenim gören toplam 775 lisans öğrencisi araştırma grubunu oluşturmuştur. Çalışmanın verileri Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Konuşma Kaygısı Ölçeği, Aile İletişim Kalıpları Ölçeği, İletişim Becerileri Ölçeği ve Kişilik Özellikleri Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Veriler çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi ile hesaplanmış ve yordayıcı değişkenlerin konuşma kaygısındaki varyansın en az %45'ini açıkladığı görülmüştür. Dışa dönüklük (β = -.46), öz denetimlilik (β = -.11), deneyime açıklık kişilik özellikleri (β = -.11) ve iletişim becerileri (β = -.15) değişkenleri konuşma kaygısını negatif yönde yordarken nevrotik kişilik özellikleri (β = .11) ve uyum yönelimli aile iletişim kalıbının (β = .11) pozitif yönde anlamlı yordadığı bulunmuştur. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar konuşma kaygısının bilişsel, duyuşsal ve davranışsal bileşenlerini ayrı ayrı incelemek için gelecekteki araştırmalara duyulan ihtiyacı vurgulamaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kayhan, S., Kobul, M. K., Kobul, F. A., Eyüp, B. (2025). An Examination of the Relationship Between Undergraduate Students' Personality Traits, Family Communication Patterns, Communication Skills, and Speaking Anxiety. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 298–324. https://doi.org/10.33711/yyuefd.1566404

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (136)

  1. Abbasi, A. M., Ahmed, S. R., Farooqi, A., & John, S. (2019). Exploring factors of speech anxiety in second language classroom. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 10(5), 97-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.10n.5p.97
  2. Akalın, S., & Adıgüzel, A. (2020). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin konuşma kaygı düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 28(3), 1345-1356. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.3956
  3. Allen, M., Burrell, N., & Bourhis, J. (2008). Coping with the needs of presentation. In G. Rickheit & H. Strohner (Eds.), Handbook of communication competence. Handbook of applied linguistics (Vol. 1, pp. 343-358). NY: Mouton de Gruyter.
  4. American Psychological Association. (2023). Resilience. Retrieved from: https://www.apa.org/topics/resilience
  5. Ateş, A., & Bahşi, N. (2022). The effects of emotional intelligence of the foreign students learning Turkish language on speaking and writing anxiety. Education Quarterly Reviews, 5(4), 160-171. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.05.04.582
  6. Ayres, J., & Hopf, T. (1993). Coping with speech anxiety. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  7. Bahrudin, H., & Amir, Z. (2018). The relationship between personality traits and English language speaking anxiety among faculty of economics and management undergraduates in UKM. Jurnal Wacana Sarjana, 2(4), 1- 17.
  8. Baki, Y. (2018). Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının konuşma öz yeterlikleri ve iletişim becerilerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Turkish Studies Educational Sciences, 13(19), 213-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.13949
  9. Baran-Łucarz, M. (2013). Phonetics learning anxiety-results of a preliminary study. Research in Language, 11(1), 57-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-012-0005-9
  10. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x
  11. Beatty, M. J. (1988). Situational and predispositional correlates of public speaking anxiety. Communication education, 37(1), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634528809378701
  12. Beatty, M. J., & Andriate, G. S. (1985). Communication apprehension and general anxiety in the prediction of public speaking anxiety. Communication Quarterly, 33(3), 174-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01463378509369596
  13. Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. NY: University of Chicago Press.
  14. Bippus, A. M., & Daly, J. A. (1999). What do people think causes stage fright?: Naïve attributions about the reasons for public speaking anxiety. Communication Education, 48(1), 63-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03634529909379153
  15. Bodie, G. D. (2010). A racing heart, rattling knees, and ruminative thoughts: Defining, explaining, and treating public speaking anxiety. Communication Education, 59(1), 70-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903443849
  16. Booth-Butterfield, S. (1989). The relationship between state and trait communication anxiety. Communication Research Reports, 6, 19-25.
  17. Botta, R. A., & Dumlao, R. (2002). How do conflict and communication patterns between fathers and daughters contribute to or offset eating disorders?. Health Communication, 14(2), 199-219. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327027HC1402_3
  18. Bradby, H. (2009). Medical sociology: An introduction. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446211724
  19. Brandstätter, H. (2011). Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses. Personality and İndividual Differences, 51(3), 222-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.007
  20. Breakey, L. K. (2005). Fear of public speaking-the role of the SLP. Seminars in Speech Language, 26, 107-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-871206
  21. Busch, D. (1982). Introversion-extraversion and the EFL proficiency of Japanese students. Language Learning, 32(1), 109-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1982.tb00521.x
  22. Can, F., & Bozgün, K. (2021). Eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinin iletişim becerileri ile konuşma kaygıları arasındaki ilişki. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 10(3), 1124-1136.
  23. Campo, J. V. (2012). Annual research review: Functional somatic symptoms and associated anxiety and depression-developmental psychopathology in pediatric practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(5), 575-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02535.x
  24. Carrillo, E., Moya-Albiol, L., González-Bono, E., Salvador, A., Ricarte, J., & Gómez-Amor, J. (2001). Gender differences in cardiovascular and electrodermal responses to public speaking task: The role of anxiety and mood states. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42(3), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00147-7
  25. Chaffee, S. H., McLeod, J. M., & Wackman, D. B. (1973). Family communication patterns and adolescent political participation. In J. Dennis (Ed.), Socialization to politics (pp. 349-364). New York: Wiley & Sons.
  26. Chen, Y. (2024). Effects of technology-enhanced language learningon reducing EFL learners’ public speaking anxiety. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37(4), 789–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2022.2055083 Cook, V. (2001). Second language learning and language teaching (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, Inc. Coppinger, L., & Sheridan, S. (2022). Accent anxiety: An exploration of non-native accent as a source of speaking anxiety among English as a foreign language (EFL) students. Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning, 4(2), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52598/jpll/4/2/6
  27. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343–359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.343
  28. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2008). The revised neo personality inventory (neo-pi-r). In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality, theory and assessment (Vol. 2, pp. 179–198). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200479
  29. De Vaus, D. (2002). Surveys in social research. Routledge.
  30. Dewaele, J. M. (2013). The link between foreign language classroom anxiety and psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism among adult bi- and multilinguals. The Modern Language Journal, 97(3), 1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.12036.x
  31. Dewaele, J. M., & Furnham, A. (2000). Personality and speech production: A pilot study of second language learners. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00106-3
  32. DiMaggio, P. (1997). Culture and cognition. Annual Review of Sociology, 23(1), 263-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.263
  33. Doğan, H., & Akçalı, G. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşadıkları sosyo-ekonomik sorunlar üzerine bir inceleme. Journal of University Research, 4(3), 309-316. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.903559
  34. Dow, C. W. (1941). The personality traits of effective public speakers. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 27(4), 525-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335634109380696
  35. Dörnyei, Z. (2008). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  36. Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. A. (2003). Off with Hollingshead: Socioeconomic resources, parenting, and child development. In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Monographs in parenting series. Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 83-106). Oxon: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  37. Dwyer, K. K. (2005). Conquer your speech anxiety: Learn how to overcome your nervousness about public speaking (2nd ed.). Thomson-Wadsworth.
  38. Dwyer, K. K., & Cruz, A. M. (1998). Communication apprehension, personality, and grades in the basic course: Are there correlations?. Communication Research Reports, 15(4), 436-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08824099809362143
  39. Dwyer, K. K., & Davidson, M. M. (2012). Is public speaking really more feared than death?. Communication Research Reports, 29(2), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2012.667772
  40. Ehrman, M., & Leaver, B. L. (2003). Cognitive styles in the service of language learning. System, 31(3), 393-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(03)00050-2
  41. Ehrman, M. E., & Oxford, R. L. (1995). Cognition plus: Correlates of language learning success. The Modern Language Journal, 79(1), 67-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1995.tb05417.x
  42. Elwood, T. D., & Schrader, D. C. (1998). Family communication patterns and communication apprehension. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13(3), 493.
  43. Ensar, F., & Gündüz, A. (2022). Öğretmen adaylarının psikolojik sağlamlıklarının topluluk önündeki konuşma kaygılarıyla ilişkisi. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 10(1), 266-276. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.946373
  44. Erdoğan, Ö. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinde topluluk önünde konuşma kaygısının nedenleri ve geliştirilen baş etme mekanizmaları. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 10(47), 351-367.
  45. Erdoğan, Ö. (2021). Aile iletişim kalıpları ve ebeveyn kaygısı bağlamında çocuklarda iletişim kaygısı üzerine bir araştırma. Social Sciences Research Journal, 10(1), 162-173.
  46. Erdoğan, Ö., & Anık, C. (2018). Aile iletişim kalıpları ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 29, 21-46.
  47. Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
  48. Ferreira-Marinho, A. C., A. Mesquita de Medeiros, Côrtes Gama, A. C., & Caldas Teixeira, L. (2017). Fear of public speaking: Perception of college students and correlates. Journal of Voice, 31(1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.12.012
  49. Finning, K., Ukoumunne, O. C., Ford, T., Danielsson-Waters, E., Shaw, L., Romero De Jager, I., Stentiford, L., & Moore, D. A. (2019). The association between child and adolescent depression and poor attendance at school: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 928-938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.055
  50. Fitzpatrick, M. A., & Ritchie, L. D. (1994). Communication schemata within the family: Multiple perspectives on family interaction. Human Communication Research, 20(3), 275-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1994.tb00324.x
  51. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  52. Gallego, A., McHugh, L., Penttonen, M., & Lappalainen, R. (2022). Measuring public speaking anxiety: Self-report, behavioral, and physiological. Behavior Modification, 46(4), 782-798. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0145445521994308
  53. Grieve, R., Woodley, J., Hunt, S. E., & Mckay A. (2021). Student fears of oral presentations and public speaking in higher education: A qualitative survey. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 45(9), 1281-1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2021.1948509
  54. Gündüz, A., & Demir, S. (2022a). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin konuşma kaygıları. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 12(2), 709-726. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.985315
  55. Gündüz, A., & Demir, S. (2022b). Öğrencilerin duygusal zekâlarının konuşma kaygılarıyla ilişkisi. Okuma Yazma Eğitimi Araştırmaları, 10(2), 136-156. https://doi.org/10.35233/oyea.1137521
  56. Haeri, N. (2009). The elephant in the room: Language and literacy in the Arab world. In D. Olsen & R. Torrance (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of literacy (pp. 418-430). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609664.023
  57. Hall, E. D., & Scharp, K. M. (2018). Testing a mediational model of the effect of family communication patterns on student perceptions of the impact of the college transition through social communication apprehension. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(49), 429-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1502461
  58. Hamedi, S. M., Akbari, O., & Hamedi, S. M. (2015). An investigation of the extraverts-introverts speaking anxiety in English classes. Studies in English Language Teaching, 3(3), 284-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v3n3p284
  59. Hamilton, L., Werum, R., Steelman, L. C., & Powell, B. (2011). Changing family, changing education. In M. T. Hallinan (Ed.), Frontiers in sociology of education (pp. 205-223). NY: Springer.
  60. Hamzadayı, E., & Büyükikiz, K. K. (2015). Türkçe öğrenen yabancı öğrencilerin konuşma becerisi öz-yeterlik algıları ile kişilik tipleri arasındaki ilişki. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 297-312.
  61. Hart, B., & Risley, T. R. (1995). Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children. Paul H Brookes Publishing.
  62. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (Vol. 2). NY: McGraw-Hill.
  63. Horzum, M. B., Ayas, T., & Padır, M. A. (2017). Beş faktör kişilik ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 7(2), 398-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.19126/suje.298430
  64. Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. Pride, & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-285). London: Penguin Books.
  65. Huang, Y. (2010). Family communication patterns, communication apprehension and soci-communicative orientative orientation: A study of chinese students (Master's thesis, University of Akron).
  66. Inkinen, M. (2022). Family communication patterns and adolescent social anxiety. Tampere University.
  67. İşcan, A., & Karagöz, B. (2016). Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının konuşma kaygılarının incelenmesi Gaziosmanpaşa üniversitesi örneği. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(3), 193-206.
  68. Kağıtçıbaşı, C. (2017). Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications. NY: Routledge.
  69. Kahlon, S., Lindner, P., & Nordgreen, T. (2019). Virtual reality exposure therapy for adolescents with fear of public speaking: a non-randomized feasibility and pilot study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-019-0307-y
  70. Karasar, N. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel.
  71. Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil.
  72. Keaten, J. A., & Kelly, L. (2000). Reticence: An affirmation and revision. Communication Education, 49(2), 165-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03634520009379203
  73. Keating, D. M., Russell, J. C., Cornacchione, J., & Smith, S. W. (2013). Family communication patterns and difficult family conversations. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 41(2), 160-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2013.781659
  74. Kelly, L., Keaten, J., Finch, C., Duarte, I., Hoffman, P., & Michels, M. (2002). Family communication patterns and the development of reticence. Communication Education, 51(2), 202-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03634520216506
  75. Kelsen, B. A. (2019). Exploring public speaking anxiety and personal disposition in EFL presentations. Learning and Individual Differences, 73(0), 92-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2019.05.003
  76. Kelsen, B. A., & Liang, H.Y. (2018). Role of the big five personality traits and motivation in predicting performance in collaborative presentations. Psychological Reports, 122(5), 1907-1924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118795139
  77. Khan, S. M. (2015). Influence of speech anxiety on oral communication skills among ESL/EFL learners. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 6(6), 49-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.6p.49
  78. King, J., & Smith, L. (2017). 6. Social anxiety and silence in Japan’s tertiary foreign language classrooms. In C. Gkonou, M. Daubney & J. Dewaele (Eds.), New insights into language anxiety: Theory, research and educational implications (pp. 91-109). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  79. Klasen, S. (2000). Does gender inequality reduce growth and development? Evidence from cross-country regression. World Bank Economic Review, 7, 1-36.
  80. Kobul, M. K. (2022). Coğrafya kader midir? Çocuğun dil gelişiminde aile ve toplumsal tabaka etkenleri. In H. Mertol, O. Yılmaz, Ö. Ü. H. Hadimli & Ü. Yasak (Eds.), Çocuk mekân coğrafya (pp. 237-263). Vizetek Yayıncılık.
  81. Koerner, A. F., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1997) Family type and conflict: The impact of conversation orientation and conformity orientation on conflict in the family. Communication Studies, 48(1), 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510979709368491
  82. Koerner, A. F., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002). Toward a theory of family communication. Communication Theory, 12(1), 70-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00260.x
  83. Koerner, A. F., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2006). Family communication patterns theory: A social cognitive approach. In D. O. Braithwaite & L. A. Baxter (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 50-65). London: Sage Publications, Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452204420.n4
  84. Konnopka, A., & König, H. (2020). Economic burden of anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoeconomics, 38(1), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-019-00849-7
  85. Korkut-Owen, F., & Bugay, A. (2014). İletişim becerileri ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 51- 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17860/efd.95021
  86. Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Pergamon Press Inc.
  87. Larson-Hall, J. (2015). A guide to doing statistics in second language research using SPSS and R. NY: Routledge.
  88. Levine, T. R., & Mccroskey, J. C. (1990). Measuring trait communication apprehension: A test of rival measurement models of the PRCA‐24. Communications Monographs, 57(1), 62-72. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/03637759009376185
  89. Liang, H. Y., & Kelsen, B. (2018). Influence of personality and motivation on oral presentation performance. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 47(4), 755–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-017-9551-6
  90. MacIntyre, P. D., & Charos, C. (1996). Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15(1), 3-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927X960151001
  91. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and second language learning: Toward a theoretical clarification. Language Learning, 39, 251-275.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x
  92. MacIntyre, P. D., & Thivierge, K. A. (1995) The effects of speaker personality on anticipated reactions to public speaking. Communication Research Reports, 12(29), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824099509362048
  93. Martini, M., Behnke, R. R., & King, P. E. (1992). The communication of public speaking anxiety: Perceptions of Asian and American speakers. Communication Quarterly, 40(3), 279-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379209369842
  94. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1995). Trait explanations in personality psychology. European Journal of Personality, 9(4), 231-252. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410090402
  95. McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x
  96. McCroskey, J. C., Booth‐Butterfield, S., & Payne, S. K. (1989). The impact of communication apprehension on college student retention and success. Communication Quarterly, 37(2), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463378909385531
  97. Mede, E., & Karaırmak, Ö. (2017). The predictor roles of speaking anxiety and English self-efficacy on foreign language speaking anxiety. Journal of Teacher Education and Educators, 6(1), 117-131.
  98. Mueller, C. W., & Parcel, T. L. (1981). Measures of socioeconomic status: Alternatives and recommendations. Child Development, 52(1), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129211
  99. Nel, C. (2008). Learning style and good language learners. In C. Griffiths (Ed.), Lessons from good language learners (pp. 49-60). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  100. Ong, W. J. (2002). Orality and literacy. NY: Routledge.
  101. Oxford, R. L., & Ehrman, M. E. (1995). Adults' language learning strategies in an intensive foreign language program in the United States. System, 23(3), 359-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(95)00023-D
  102. Oya, T., Manalo, E., & Greenwood, J. (2004). The Influence of personality and anxiety on the oral performance of Japanese speakers of English. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(7), 841-855. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1063
  103. Özalp, Ö. S., & Merç, A. (2022). The relationship between speaking anxiety and willingness to communicate: A quantitative inquiry. Anadolu University Journal of Education Faculty (AUJEF), 6(3), 294-311. https://doi.org/10.34056/aujef.1082682
  104. Özkan, E., & Kınay, İ. (2015). Öğretmen adaylarının konuşma kaygılarının incelenmesi (Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi örneği). Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 4(3), 1290-1301.
  105. Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS kullanma kılavuzu: SPSS ile adım adım veri analizi (S. Balcı & B. Ahi, Trans.). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  106. Pearson, J. C., DeWitt, L., Child, J. T., Kahl, D. H., & Dandamudi, V. (2007). Facing the fear: An analysis of speech-anxiety content in public-speaking textbooks. Communication Research Reports, 24(2), 159-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08824090701304923
  107. Peterson, R., & Green, S. (2009) Families first: Keys to successful family functioning communication. Virginia: Virginia State University.
  108. Phillips, B. M., & Lonigan, C. J. (2005). Social Correlates of Emergent Literacy. In M. J. Snowling & C. Hulme (Eds.), The science of reading: A handbook (pp. 173-187). Blackwell Publishing.
  109. Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: a meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 187-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.2.187
  110. Plandano, R. G., Otagan, J. M. C., Saavedra, M. M., Sumampong, A. J., Tirol, G. O., & Ederio, N. T. (2023). Public Speaking Anxiety among College Students at St. Paul University Surigao. Int. J. Curr. Sci. Res. Rev, 6(02), 1443-1447. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i2-63
  111. Prentiss, S. (2021). Speech anxiety in the communication classroom during the COVID-19 pandemic: supporting student success. Frontiers in Communication, 6, 642109. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.642109
  112. Pull, C. B. (2012). Current status of knowledge on public-speaking anxiety. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(1), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0b013e32834e06dc
  113. Raja, F. (2017). Anxiety level in students of public speaking: Causes and remedies. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 4(1), 94-110.
  114. Rajitha, K., & Alamelu, C. (2020). A study of factors affecting and causing speaking anxiety. Procedia Computer Science, 172, 1053-1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.05.154
  115. Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the big five inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001
  116. Ritchie, L. D., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1990). Family communication patterns: Measuring intrapersonal perceptions of interpersonal relationships. Communication Research, 17(4), 523-544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009365090017004007
  117. Sarrionandia, A., Ramos-Díaz, E., & Fernández-Lasarte, O. (2018) Resilience as a mediator of emotional intelligence and perceived stress: A cross-country study. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2653), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.02653
  118. Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization model. Psychological Bulletin, 92(3), 641-669. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641
  119. Schrodt, P., Witt, P. L., & Messersmith, A. S. (2008) A meta-analytical review of family communication patterns and their associations with ınformation processing, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes. Communication Monographs, 75(3), 248-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750802256318
  120. Schrodt, P., & Shimkowski, J. R. (2017). Family communication patterns and perceptions of coparental communication. Communication Reports, 30(1), 39-50. Doi: 10.1080/08934215.2015.1111400
  121. Sever, A., & Topçuoğlu-Ünal, F. (2023). Examination of university students' talking concerns against the community. The Journal of International Education Science, 10 (34), 84-98.
  122. Sevim, O. (2012). Öğretmen adaylarına yönelik konuşma kaygısı ölçeği: bir geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Turkish Studies-International Periodical for The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 7(2), 927-937. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.2981
  123. Shanahan, D. (2013). High oral communication apprehensives: How can students be helped to reduce their fear of public speaking?. Irish Journal of Academic Practice, 2(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.21427/D72F09
  124. Sönmez, G., & Kurtoğlu, M. (2021). Impact of perfectionism and self-compassion feelings of undergraduate students on their foreign language speaking anxiety. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 10(2), 230-240. https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V10.N2.16
  125. Sun, P. P., & Teng, L. S. (2021). Why so nervous? Revisiting the sources of speech anxiety in Chinese as a second language. System, 103, 102647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102647
  126. Sülter, R. E., Ketelaar, P. E., & Lange, W. G. (2022). SpeakApp-Kids! Virtual reality training to reduce fear of public speaking in children-A proof of concept. Computers & Education, 178, 104384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104384
  127. Swain, M. (1993). The output hypothesis: Just speaking and writing aren’t enough. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 50, 158-164. https://doi.org/10.3138/CMLR.50.1.158
  128. Şahan, B., & Doğan-Kahtali, B. (2021). The role of parental attitudes, irrational beliefs, need for social approval and self-esteem in speech anxiety. European Journal of Alternative Education Studies, 6(1), 96-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejae.v6i1.3729
  129. Tajeddin, Z., & Bagherkazemi, M. (2014). Short-term and long-term impacts of individual and collaborative pragmatic output on speech act production. Teaching English Language, 8(1), 141-166.
  130. Taylor, S. E., & Broffman, J. I. (2011). Psychosocial resources: Functions, origins, and links to mental and physical health. In J. M. Olson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 44, pp. 1-57). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6
  131. Tridinanti, G. (2018). The correlation between speaking anxiety, self-confidence, and speaking achievement of undergraduate EFL students of private university in Palembang. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 6(4), 35-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.4p.35
  132. Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-333. https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.86.2.320
  133. Vural, H. (2019). The relationship of personality traits with English speaking anxiety. A study on Turkish university students. Research in Educational Policy and Management, 1(1), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.46303/repam.01.01.5
  134. Wei, L. (2013). Conceptual and methodological issues in bilingualism and multilingualism research. In T. K. Bhatia & W. C. Ritchie (Eds.), The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism (2nd ed., pp. 26-51). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  135. Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does the anxiety research suggest? The Modern Language Journal, 75, 426-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x
  136. Zhang, Y. (2008). The role of personality in second language acquisition. Asian Social Science, 4(5), 58-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v4n5p58