Journals / Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS

BİR GÜVENLİK TEHDİDİ OLARAK MODİFİYE EDİLMİŞ SES-GAZ SİLAHLARI VE KATMANLI ÜRETİM TEKNİĞİYLE ÜRETİLEN SİLAHLAR: HAYALET SİLAHLAR

Gökhan İbrahim Öğünç(Jandarma ve Sahil Güvenlik Akademisi, Adli Bilimler Enstitü Müdürlüğü)0000-0003-0344-9818
Pages
1–17
Publication Date
2026-05-22
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings emphasize the necessity for global cooperation and proactive legislative measures to counter the escalating threat posed by unregistered and untraceable firearms.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:The illicit production, trade, and circulation of firearms and their components constitute significant public security challenges at national and international levels.
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Key Findings & Data:Firearms, with an estimated operational lifespan exceeding 50 years, exacerbate global conflicts, terrorism, and organized crime.
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Conclusion & Impact:The findings emphasize the necessity for global cooperation and proactive legislative measures to counter the escalating threat posed by unregistered and untraceable firearms.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Katmanlı İmalat · 3B Baskı · Dönüştürülmüş Ateşli Silahlar

Abstract

The illicit production, trade, and circulation of firearms and their components constitute significant public security challenges at national and international levels. Firearms, with an estimated operational lifespan exceeding 50 years, exacerbate global conflicts, terrorism, and organized crime. This study examines the emergence and proliferation of "ghost guns," firearms lacking serial numbers or identifying marks, which are increasingly manufactured using advanced technologies such as high-strength polymer injection moulding, additive manufacturing (3D printing), and compact CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining. These methods facilitate the production of untraceable firearms at low cost and with minimal expertise, amplifying risks to public safety. Ghost guns circumvent international and national regulations, enabling terrorist organizations, non-state armed groups, and criminal networks to acquire weaponry without oversight. This research highlights how deactivated or blank firearms are modified to fire live ammunition and how advancements in additive manufacturing enable the production of complex weapon components, such as rifled barrels, from durable materials like stainless steel and aluminium. Similarly, compact CNC machines have democratized access to professional-grade firearms production, challenging conventional law enforcement measures. Despite existing international protocols, including the UN Protocol against Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking of Firearms, inconsistent definitions and enforcement undermine global efforts to combat this issue. The lack of harmonized definitions, particularly regarding automatic and semi-automatic firearms, complicates legal adjudication and the classification of offences, as seen in the European Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism. The study underscores the urgent need for unified global definitions of firearms and their components, comprehensive regulations targeting firearm production technologies, and more vigorous enforcement mechanisms. It advocates for international collaboration to address vulnerabilities in tracking and controlling firearm proliferation, particularly ghost guns. Additionally, the study recommends updating laws to counter the conversion of blank firearms and establishing monitoring systems for emerging firearm manufacturing technologies. By exploring the interplay between technology, policy, and security, this study provides critical insights into the challenges of ghost guns and offers actionable recommendations to mitigate their impact. The findings emphasize the necessity for global cooperation and proactive legislative measures to counter the escalating threat posed by unregistered and untraceable firearms.

Özet

Ateşli silahların ve bileşenlerinin yasadışı üretimi, ticareti ve dolaşımı ulusal ve uluslararası düzeylerde önemli kamu güvenliği zorlukları oluşturmaktadır. Tahmini operasyonel ömrü 50 yılı aşan ateşli silahlar, küresel çatışmaları, terörizmi ve organize suçu daha da kötüleştirmektedir. Bu çalışma, seri numarası veya tanımlayıcı işaretlerden yoksun olan ve giderek daha fazla yüksek mukavemetli polimer enjeksiyon kalıplama, katkı üretimi (3D baskı) ve kompakt CNC (Bilgisayar Sayısal Kontrol) işleme gibi gelişmiş teknolojiler kullanılarak üretilen "hayalet silahların" ortaya çıkışını ve yayılmasını incelemektedir. Bu yöntemler, düşük maliyetle ve asgari uzmanlıkla izlenemeyen ateşli silahların üretimini kolaylaştırarak kamu güvenliğine yönelik riskleri artırmaktadır. Hayalet silahlar, uluslararası ve ulusal düzenlemeleri atlatarak terör örgütlerinin, devlet dışı silahlı grupların ve suç şebekelerinin gözetimsiz silah edinmelerini sağlamaktadır. Bu araştırma, devre dışı bırakılmış veya boş ateşli silahların canlı mühimmat ateşlemek üzere nasıl değiştirildiğini ve katkı üretimindeki gelişmelerin, paslanmaz çelik ve alüminyum gibi dayanıklı malzemelerden yivli namlular gibi karmaşık silah bileşenlerinin üretimini nasıl mümkün kıldığını vurgulamaktadır. Benzer şekilde, kompakt CNC makineleri profesyonel düzeyde ateşli silah üretimine erişimi demokratikleştirerek geleneksel kolluk kuvvetleri önlemlerine meydan okumuştur. BM'nin Yasadışı Silah Üretimi ve Kaçakçılığına Karşı Protokolü de dahil olmak üzere mevcut uluslararası protokollere rağmen, tutarsız tanımlar ve uygulama, bu sorunla mücadele için küresel çabaları zayıflatmaktadır. Özellikle otomatik ve yarı otomatik ateşli silahlarla ilgili olarak uyumlu tanımların olmaması, Terörizmin Bastırılmasına Dair Avrupa Sözleşmesi'nde görüldüğü gibi yasal yargılamayı ve suçların sınıflandırılmasını karmaşıklaştırmaktadır. Çalışma, ateşli silahlar ve bileşenlerinin birleşik küresel tanımlarına, ateşli silah üretim teknolojilerini hedefleyen kapsamlı düzenlemelere ve daha güçlü uygulama mekanizmalarına acil ihtiyaç olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Özellikle hayalet silahlar olmak üzere ateşli silahların yayılmasını izleme ve kontrol etmedeki zaafları gidermek için uluslararası iş birliğini savunmaktadır. Ek olarak, çalışma boş ateşli silahların dönüştürülmesine karşı yasaların güncellenmesini ve ortaya çıkan ateşli silah üretim teknolojileri için izleme sistemleri kurulmasını önermektedir. Teknoloji, politika ve güvenlik arasındaki etkileşimi inceleyerek, bu çalışma hayalet silahların zorluklarına dair kritik içgörüler sağlıyor ve etkilerini azaltmak için uygulanabilir öneriler sunuyor. Bulgular, kayıt dışı ve izlenemeyen ateşli silahların oluşturduğu artan tehdide karşı koymak için küresel iş birliği ve proaktif yasal önlemlerin gerekliliğini vurguluyor.

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Cite This Article

Öğünç, G. İ. (2026). THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1599422

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