Dergiler / Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2
Algılanan Dezavantajlı Yaşam Deneyimleri Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi
- Sayfa
- 1027–1049
- Yayın Tarihi
- 2026-06-28
Özet
Bu araştırmanın amacı, ilk yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerin (18-35 yaş) kendilerini maddi durum ve olumsuz aile / çocukluk yaşantıları bağlamında dezavantajlı hissetme durumlarını ölçmeyi amaçlayan bir özbildirim ölçeğinin geliştirilmesidir. Veri toplama araçları olarak Algılanan Dezavantajlı Yaşam Deneyimleri Ölçeği (ADYDÖ) madde havuzu, Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği, Kısa Semptom Envanteri - Depresyon alt boyutu ve kişisel bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma üç farklı çalışma grubundan elde edilen verilerle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Birinci veri setinden $(n=512)$ elde edilen verilerle ADYDÖ'nün 20 maddeden oluşan madde havuzuna açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) yapılmış, 18 madde ve iki alt boyuttan oluşan bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen yapı toplam varyansın %64,82'sini açıklamıştır. İkinci veri seti $(n=525)$ ile doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) gerçekleştirilmiş, iki madde ölçekten çıkarılmış ve kabul edilebilir / mükemmel model uyum indeksleri elde edilmiştir $(CFI=.95, GFI .96, TL1=.94, SRMR=.04, RMSEA .07, x2/df=3,70)$. Ölçüt bazlı geçerlik çalışmaları ise üçüncü veri seti $(n=585)$ kullanılarak yapılmış ve toplam puan ve alt boyutlar bazında umutsuzluk ve depresyon değişkenleri ile korelasyon katsayılarının .38 ve .50 aralığında olduğu görülmüştür. Alt boyutlar ve toplam puan bazında Cronbach Alfa ve McDonald Omega katsayılarının .91 ve .93 aralığında olması da güvenilirlik düzeyi için güçlü kanıtlar sunmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında 16 madde ve iki alt boyuttan oluşan ADYDÖ'nün, bu araştırmanın çalışma gruplarını oluşturan bireylerden elde edilen veriler bağlamında geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop a self-report scale designed to measure perceived disadvantage among individuals in early adulthood (aged 18-35) regarding financial status and adverse childhood/family experiences. The Perceived Disadvantaged Life Experiences Scale (PDLES) item pool, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory (Depression sub-scale) and a personal information form were used as instruments. The study was conducted with three distinct data sets. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the 20-item pool of PDLES with the first dataset $(n=512)$, which yielded a structure consisting of 18 items and two sub-dimensions. This structure explained 64.82% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with the second dataset $(n=525)$. Acceptable or perfect model fit indices were found following the removal of two items $(CFI=.95, GFI=.96, TLI=.94, SRMR=.04, RMSEA=.07, \chi^{2}/df=3.70)$. Criterion-based validity studies were conducted with the third dataset $(n=585)$, which revealed correlation coefficients between 38 and 50 with hopelessness and depression for both total score and sub-scales. Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's Omega coefficients ranging from .91 to 93 for the sub-scales and total score provide strong evidence for the reliability. Given these findings, it is concluded that PDLES consisting of 16 items and two subscales is a valid and reliable tool in this sample.
Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap
Kaynakça (52)
- Arslan-Işık, N. (2023). Erken dönem olumsuz çocukluk yaşantılarının ayrılma-bireyleşme düzeyi ve yaşam doyumuna etkisi: Üniversite öğrencileri örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 240-249. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1226695
- Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861–865. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037562
- Boardman, J. (2011). Social exclusion and mental health–how people with mental health problems are disadvantaged: an overview. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 15(3), 112-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/20428301111165690
- Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
- Chang, X., Jiang, X., Mkandarwire, T., & Shen, M. (2019). Associations between adverse childhood experiences and health outcomes in adults aged 18–59 years. PloS One, 14(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211850
- Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indices to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Corcoran, R. (2023). Poverty, ACEs and stigmatised places: The application of psychology to the challenges of disadvantage. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 2023, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12457
- Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (5. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
- DeOrtentiis, P. S., Van Iddekinge, C. H., & Wanberg, C. R. (2022). Different starting lines, different finish times: The role of social class in the job search process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(3), 444-458. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000915
- Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595–605. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700048017
- Duran, E., Firehammer, J., & Gonzalez, J. (2008). Liberation psychology as the path toward healing cultural soul wounds. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(3), 288-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00511.x
- Ellis, W. R. & Dietz, W. H. (2017). A new framework for addressing adverse childhood and community experiences: The building community resilience model. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7), S86–S93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.12.011
- Evans, G. W., & De France, K. (2022). Childhood poverty and psychological well-being: The mediating role of cumulative risk exposure. Development and Psychopathology, 34(3), 911-921. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001947
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
- Frankenhuis, W. E., & Nettle, D. (2020). The strengths of people in poverty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419881154
- Frost, N. D., Graham, S. R., Ramírez Stege, A. M., Jones, T., Pankey, T., & Martinez, E. M. (2020). Bridging the gap: Addressing the mental health needs of underrepresented collegiate students at psychology training clinics. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 14(2), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000282
- Goldman, N., Glei, D. A., & Weinstein, M. (2018). Declining mental health among disadvantaged Americans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(28), 7290-7295. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722023115
- Gündüz, A., Yaşar, A. B., Gündoğmuş, İ., Savran, C., & Konuk, E. (2018). Çocukluk çağı olumsuz yaşantılar ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(1), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.5455/APD.294158
- Güvenç, İ.B. (2021). The impact of perceived relative deprivation on health-related outcomes: Mediating roles of locus of control and length of unemployment & moderating roles of dispositional optimism and perceived social support (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Haatainen, K. M., Tanskanen, A., Kylmä, J., Honkalampi, K., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Hintikka, J., ... & Viinamäki, H. (2003). Gender differences in the association of adult hopelessness with adverse childhood experiences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38(1), 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-003-0598-3
- Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014). On the psychology of poverty. Science, 344(6186), 862-867. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232491
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
- Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
- Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
- Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Karadağ G, & Mermer G. (2020). Dezavantajlı gruplar olarak işsizlerin/yoksulların ruh sağlığının korunması. M. Yılmaz (ed.) Dezavantajlı Gruplar ve Ruh Sağlığı (ss. 56-60). Türkiye Klinikleri.
- Kete-Tepe, N., & Özer, Y. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yoksulluk algısı üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 3(1), 166-188. https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.700429
- Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2012). Transnational relations between perceived parental acceptance and personality dispositions of children and adults: A meta‐analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418986
- Kline, R.B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
- Kraus, M. W., & Stephens, N. M. (2012). A road map for an emerging psychology of social class. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(9), 642-656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00453.x
- Leach, C. W., & Livingstone, A. G. (2015). Contesting the meaning of intergroup disadvantage: Towards a psychology of resistance. Journal of Social Issues, 71(3), 614-632. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12131
- Liu, W. M. (2013). Introduction to social class and classism in counseling psychology. W.M. Liu (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of social class in counseling (pp. 3-20). Oxford University Press. https://l24.im/iUu1
- MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84
- Manap, A. (2015). Çocukluk yaşantıları ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(41), 822-826. https://earsiv.batman.edu.tr/server/api/core/bitstreams/19c221ef-c47a-45b9-bad8-42e3ff0d2626/content
- Masarik, A. S., & Conger, R. D. (2017). Stress and child development: A review of the Family Stress Model. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.008
- Munoz, R. T., Pearson, L. C., Hellman, C. M., McIntosh, H. C., Khojasteh, J., & Fox, M. D. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences and posttraumatic stress as an antecedent of anxiety and lower hope. Traumatology, 24(3), 209. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000149
- Murali, V., & Oyebode, F. (2004). Poverty, social inequality and mental health. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10(3), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.10.3.216
- Nassar, S. C., & Singh, A. A. (2020). Embodying the multicultural and social justice counseling competency movement: Voices from the field. Journal of Counseling & Development, 98(3), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12320
- Nixon, S. A. (2019). The coin model of privilege and critical allyship: implications for health. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7884-9
- Pedrosa, A. L., Bitencourt, L., Fróes, A. C. F., Cazumbá, M. L. B., Campos, R. G. B., de Brito, S. B. C. S., & Simões e Silva, A. C. (2020). Emotional, behavioral, and psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566212
- Roysircar, G. (2008). A response to “social privilege, social justice, and group counseling: An inquiry”: Social privilege: Counselors' competence with systemically determined inequalities. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 33(4), 377-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933920802424456
- Rucker, D. D., Galinsky, A. D., & Magee, J. C. (2018). The agentic–communal model of advantage and disadvantage: How inequality produces similarities in the psychology of power, social class, gender, and race. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 58, 71-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2018.04.001
- Sameroff, A. J. (1998). Environmental risk factors in infancy. Pediatrics, 102(5), 1287-1292.
- Santrock, J. W. (2009). Yaşam boyu gelişim (G. Yüksel, Çev. Ed.). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_18
- Şahin, N. H. ve Durak, A. (1994). Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 44–56. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-86724-001
- Yaşar, S., & Taşar, M. O. (2019). Kavramsal olarak yoksulluk ve Türkiye’de yoksullukla mücadele politikalarinin etkileri. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(38), 118-144. https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.462905