HALASKÂR ZÂBİTÂN MÜDAHALESİNDEN BÂBIÂLİ BASKINI’NA OSMANLI BÜROKRASİSİNİN SİYASETLE İMTİHANI: (Siyasetle İştigal Edilmeyeceğine Dair Taahhütnameler)

POLITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE OTTOMAN BUREAUCRACY FROM THE HALASKÂR ZÂBİTÂN INTERVENTION TO THE BÂBIÂLİ COUP (Covenants Assuring not to Engage in Politics)

Özet

Askerî ve sivil bürokrasinin siyasetle iştigali II. Meşrutiyet döneminin en önemliproblemlerinden biridir. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânı akabinde II. Abdülhamid döneminindevlet adamlarından bir kısmı, “devr-i sâbık”’ın memurları olarak değerlendirilerekgörevlerinden alındılar. Ayrıca Tasfiye-i Rüteb-i Askeriye ve Tensikat gibi kanunlarlabürokrasinin tasfiyesine çalışıldı. Görevden alınanların yerlerine İttihâd ve TerakkiCemiyeti’nin münasip gördüğü kimseler devlet kadrolarında istihdam edildiler. Bu vebenzeri uygulamalar muhaliflerin muhalefetlerinin daha da keskinleşmesine sebepoldu ve 1912 Haziran’ına gelindiğinde İttihâd ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin desteklediğiSait Paşa hükûmetine baskılar yapılmaya başladı. Askerin siyasetle meşgul oluşununcan sıkıcı bir gelişme olduğunun İttihâdçılar da farkına vardılar. Nitekim kendidestekledikleri Sait Paşa hükûmeti, Manastır Vak‘ası ve nihayetinde HalaskârZâbitân müdahalesi neticesinde istifa etmek durumunda kaldı.Sait Paşa’nın istifası üzerine Ahmet Muhtar Paşa hükûmeti kuruldu. Muhtar Paşa,askerî ve sivil bürokrasinin siyasetten arındırılması için birtakım teşebbüslerdebulundu. Meclis-i Vükela bu çerçevede kararlar aldı. Asker ve sivil memurlarınsiyasetle iştigal etmeyeceklerine dair yemin etmeleri ve taahhütnameler imzalamalarıistendi. Aydın, Beyrut ve diğer bütün vilayetlerdeki memurlardan taahhütnameleralınarak ilgili nezaretlere gönderildi. Burada maksat bürokraside siyasetin önünegeçmek olarak aktarılsa da maksadın biraz da İttihâdçıları etkisiz kılmak olduğurahatlıkla söylenebilir. Nitekim pek çok İttihâdçı memur, siyaset yaptıklarıgerekçesiyle ama İttihâdçı oldukları için görevlerinden ihraç edilmişlerdir.Bu çalışmada, bürokrasinin siyasetten arındırılması yönündeki çabalar, özelde ise“siyaset ile iştigal edilmeyeceğini” beyan eden taahhütnameler ve etkileri arşivbelgeleri ve dönemin basını ışığında ele alınmaktadır.

Abstract

The military and civil bureaucracy engagement in politics is one of the most important problems of the Second Constitutional Period. Following the Second Constitutional Period, some statesmen of Era of Abdulhamid II. were dismissed as they were regarded as “the old regime” officials. Also with the following legislations such as Tasfiye-i Rüteb-i Askeriye (the Law for the Purge of Military Ranks) and Tensikat (the Law for Personnel Reduction) would try to eliminate the power of bureaucracy. The new employees who were approved by the Committee of Union and Progress were assigned in place of the ones who were dismissed. These actions and the similar ones evoked the opposing party and they began to criticize sharply. By June 1912, the pressure against the Said Pasha Government supported by the Committee of Union and Progress began. The members of the Committee of Union and Progress also realized that military engagement in politics was an annoying case. Hence, the Said Pasha Government supported by the Committee of Union and Progress had to resign following the Monastir Case and the Halaskâr Zabitân (Saviour Officers) Intervention. By the resignation of Said Pasha, the Ahmet Muhtar Pasha Government was founded. Ahmet Muhtar Pasha attempted some tasks in order to purge the military and civil bureaucracy from the politics. Meclis-i Vükela (Cabinet of Ministers) took resolutions covering these related tasks. The members of military and civil bureaucracy were asked to pledge not to involve in politics and they were forced to sign contracts not to involve in politics. The officers from the province of Aydın, Beirut and all other provinces were asked to sign contracts and the contracts given by them were sent to the related ministries. Reportedly, the general opinion of this task in here was to prevent bureaucratic intervention in politics, but it was apparent that the aim of this task was to neutralize the power of the members of the Committee of Union and Progress. Therefore, numerous officers were dismissed as they were involved in politics, but in fact, they were dismissed from their positions as they were known as the member of the Committee of Union and Progress. This study generally focuses on the attemps to prevent bureaucracy from politics. In private, this study also deals with the covenants of the officers that declares “not to engage in politics” and their impacts. These points were analyzed in the light of archive documents and the press of that period.