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The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an XI th century dispute between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over who would control appointments of church officials. It was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. In 1075 Pope Gregory VII asserted in the Dictatus Papae that as the Roman Church was founded by God alone, the papal power (the auctoritas of Pope Gelasius) was the sole universal power, and that the pope alone could appoint or depose churchmen or move them from see to see. Gregory VII believed that he held power over all of Western Christendom, including the emporer, and that he was the one and only authority in making church appointments. As the eleventh century moved on, tensions grew between the church and state on this issue. Then, in about 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned all lay investiture. This act angered emperor Henry IV, as it was a threat towards the imperial power held by him. Out of these events, the whole idea of kingship and what powers it actually held came into question. Henry IV insisted on his authority as a divinely appointed sovereign to involve himself in the Church of his nation. In 1076 Gregory responded by excommunicating Henry IV, removing him from the Church and deposing him as German king. Henry IVʹs excommunication allowed rival claimants to his throne to surface and, to retain his crown, Henry IV acceded to Pope Gregory VII at a dramatic encounter at Canossa, Italy in January 1077. Henry IV returned home to re‐establish his power but quickly broke the promises he had made at Canossa and, in 1080, he was again excommunicated. Finally, Henry IVʹs son, Henry V, settled the "Investiture Question" with Pope Calixtus II with the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an XI th century dispute between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over who would control appointments of church officials. It was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. In 1075 Pope Gregory VII asserted in the Dictatus Papae that as the Roman Church was founded by God alone, the papal power (the auctoritas of Pope Gelasius) was the sole universal power, and that the pope alone could appoint or depose churchmen or move them from see to see. Gregory VII believed that he held power over all of Western Christendom, including the emporer, and that he was the one and only authority in making church appointments. As the eleventh century moved on, tensions grew between the church and state on this issue. Then, in about 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned all lay investiture. This act angered emperor Henry IV, as it was a threat towards the imperial power held by him. Out of these events, the whole idea of kingship and what powers it actually held came into question. Henry IV insisted on his authority as a divinely appointed sovereign to involve himself in the Church of his nation. In 1076 Gregory responded by excommunicating Henry IV, removing him from the Church and deposing him as German king. Henry IVʹs excommunication allowed rival claimants to his throne to surface and, to retain his crown, Henry IV acceded to Pope Gregory VII at a dramatic encounter at Canossa, Italy in January 1077. Henry IV returned home to re‐establish his power but quickly broke the promises he had made at Canossa and, in 1080, he was again excommunicated. Finally, Henry IVʹs son, Henry V, settled the "Investiture Question" with Pope Calixtus II with the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
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